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Prolog Programming Language
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Overview: Prolog (PROgramming in LOGic) was created by Colmerauer and his colleagues at the University of Marseilles in the 70s. Clocksin and Mellish at the University of Edinburgh continued the work, and today their version (called "C & M syntax" or "Edinburgh syntax") is accepted as the standard. The difference between Prolog and other languages is that a Prolog program tells the computer what to do (a technique called declarative programming) while programs in other languages tell the computer how to do it (procedural programming). Prolog does this by making deductions and derivations from facts and rules stored in a database. The essence of Prolog programming is writing crisp, compact rules. The deductions and derivations, instigated by user-entered queries, are products of Prolog's built-in inference mechanism called backtracking. Prolog was originally designed for non-numeric information processing, but contemporary Prologs typically feature mathematical extensions. (Reference: LANGUAGES OF AI by Joseph Schmuller, September/October 1991, page 23)
Glossary Link - Prolog Programming Language
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Prolog Information on the Internet
| CMU Artificial Intelligence Prolog Repository | Textbook material, code, benchmarking information, documentation, FAQ, gui, shareware, newsgroup archives, utilities, and other information related to Prolog are available. (A second source) |
| CMU Prolog Repository | Links to a number of Prolog topics including machine readable parts of various Prolog books, Prolog code for benchmarking and research, Prolog documentation, GUI, Free/Shareware Prolog implementations, object oriented programming, newsgroup archives, utilities, and FAQ. |
| Different Prolog Implementations | A archive for Prolog implementations. |
| (FAQ) For comp.lang.prolog | Contains answers to frequently asked questions often seen in comp.lang.prolog. It is posted (twice a month, currently on the 1st and 16th) to help reduce the volume in this newsgroup and to provide hard-to-find information of general interest. Also includes the Prolog Resource Guide and Prolog Implementations. |
| Lambda Prolog | An extension to Prolog that contains higher-order programming, polymorphic types, modules, abstract datatypes, and direct support for lambda- terms. The availability of such lambda-terms and higher-order unification, provides lambda Prolog with novel approaches to meta-programming tasks. These extensions are all achieved by using the intuitionistic theory of higher-order hereditary Harrop formulas. |
| lambda Prolog: eLP and Prolog/Mali | The eLP Common Lisp interpreter was written by Conal Elliott and Frank Pfenning (CMU) in Common Lisp and implements the core of lambda Prolog (higher-order hereditary Harrop formulas). The Prolog/Mali compiler is written in Prolog/Mali, and produces C code. The execution scheme uses Mali (an abstract memory for representing terms with efficient space management). The system was written by Pascal Brisset and Olivier Ridoux of IRISA, Rennes, France. It implements the core of lambda Prolog. |
| Logic Programming | Links to information such as journals, code, bibliographies, and more. Also links to Prolog vendors, public-domain WAM emulator, miscellaneous code including a database of real Prolog applications, and the ISO Prolog Standard. Some links are intermittent. |
| Logic Programming at IBM Research | A number of people working in the field of Logic Programming at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Areas included are natural language understanding, constraint logic programming, knowledge-based systems and some very good prolog articles. |
| LookSmart - Prolog Programming Resources | Find links to prolog resources and companies. |
| Object Layer for Prolog OL(P) | Version 1.1 for SICStus Prolog and QUINTUS Prolog for a UNIX system. OL(P) can be used for other Prolog systems and on other platforms, but some changes may be necessary. |
| Prolog Programming Language | Learn about what the prolog programming language is. |
| Univ. of Georgia AI Center | List of AI research reports, info on ISO Prolog standards, software, and more. |
| Yahoo - Prolog Programming Language | Contains a number of site references including a Parallel Prolog Dialect and an environment for developing logic grammars for natural language. Also included are Prologs for the Macintosh, a Prolog resource guide, and SICStus Prolog environment, Usenet , and FAQ for Prolog. |
Sponsors of PC AI - Prolog Vendors
| Prolog articles, Prolog source code, demos, product information
etc. ftp.std.com/ftp.vendors/amzi; amzi@world.std.com; amzi-cogent-request@world.std.com |
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| Providers of intelligent web tools, expert systems development
tools, data mining, and prolog-based AI products for Windows and Macintosh.
(info@lpa.co.uk) |
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| Developer of a Prolog compiler - later to be known as Turbo
Prolog, PDC Prolog and now Visual Prolog. (75300.165@compuserve.com; leo@pdc.dk) |
Other Prolog Vendors
| Provides Prolog compilers and development environments,
and more. ftp.als.com & info@als.com |
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| BinProlog is a Prolog system with the ability to generate C/C++ code and standalone executables. It provides high-level networking ( remote predicate calls, Linda blackboards, mobile code, multi-threaded execution on Windows NT/ 95/ 98 and Solaris platforms ), secure Internet programming (CGI scripting and multi-user server side databases) integrated with rule based reasoning components.binnetcorp@binnetcorp.com | |
| EZY Prolog interpreter with Turbo Prolog/Visual Prolog compatibility, powerfull GUI designer with automatic code generation from GUI declarations, lots of functional components built-in. | |
| MINERVA is a high end commercial Prolog in 100% Java.
Extensible with any Java class. Callable as servlet, applet, application
or Java class library. | |
| Prolog programming, AI techniques, Internet programming, COM/Active X components, etc. | |
| Prolog Compiler For Windows with IDE, graphics, CGI, SQL and more. | |
| SICStus Prolog follows the Edinburgh tradition and largely conforms to the ISO Prolog standard. It is built around a high performance Prolog engine with optional native code generation for Sparc, MIPS and 68K processors. | |
| Development tool that supports the complete ISO Prolog standard, DCG Grammar notation, Object Orientation, GUI and ODBC development. (info@trinc-prolog.com) |
Dynamic Search Engine References
Search the web for "prolog" references using:
| Lycos | Yahoo | InfoSeek | Alta Vista |
Article References
| Prolog For Pascal Programmers | Weiskamp, K. (1987) PC AI, 1(1), 18. |
| Expert System With Turbo Prolog | Chris Dellacroce, C. (1987) PC AI 1(2), 12.. |
| AAIS Prolog (Review) | Shammas, N. (1987) PC AI, 1(3), 55. |
| Rule-Based Programming With Prolog | Merritt, D. (1988) PC AI, 2(1), 64. |
| SD-Prolog (Review) | Grogan, J. (1988) PC AI, 2(4), 71. |
| Turbo Prolog 2.0 (Review) | Lane, A., (1988) PC AI, 2(5), 61. |
| Arity Prolog 5.0 (Review) | Berghel, H. and Rankin, R. (1988) PC AI 2(6), 61. |
| Prolog Programming Pitfalls I | Roach, D., Berghel, H., and Rankin, R. (1989) PC AI, 3(2), 46. |
| Prolog Programming Pitfalls II | Roach, D., Berghel, H., and Rankin, R. (1989) PC AI, 3(3), 50. |
| Prolog Programming Pitfalls III | Roach, D., Berghel, H., and Rankin, R. (1989) PC AI, 3(4), 24. |
| Taxes In Prolog | Merritt, D. (1990) PC AI, 4(1), 45. |
| PDC Prolog - Turbo Prolog is Back | (1991) PC AI, 5(2), 23. |
| Prolog On Prolog | Berghel, H. and Roach, D. (1991) PC AI, 5(3), 38. |
| IF/PROLOG (Reviewed) | Ryu, Y. (1991) PC AI, 5(6), 44. |
| Overview: Languages | Schmuller, J. (1992) PC AI, 6(5), 7-9. |
| Prolog Under the Hood: An Honest Look | Merritt, D. (1992) PC AI, 6(5), 44-47. |
| Case For Prolog | Spenser C., and Roth, A. (1993) PC AI, 7(3), 42. |
| Exploring Prolog: Adventures, Objects, Animals, and Taxes | Merritt, D. (1993) PC AI, 7(5), 18-23. |
| Active Prolog Tutor | Berghel, H. (1994) PC AI 8(2), 42. |
| Cogent Prolog And C/C++ | Merritt, D. (1994) PC AI, 8(5), 26. |
| Vendor's Forum: Cogent Prolog and C++: Designing an API | Merritt, D. (1994) PC AI, 8(5), 26. |
| Prolog in the Real World: Logic Programming at Work | Roth, A. and Spenser, C. (1994) PC AI, 8(5), 42-44. |
| AMZI! Prolog + Logic Server 3.3 (Review) | Sehmi, A. (1995) PC AI, 9(5), 27. |
| Cutting the Guillotine Down to Size | McHale, M. and Shah, R. (1999) PC AI, 13(1), 24 |
| Prolog Assists in Brain Lesions Diagnosis: An MR and CT Features-Based Expert System | Rasuli, P.; Rasouli, F.; Oskouie, A.; Rasouli, T.; Morrish, W. (1999) PC AI, 13(6), 16 |
| Rule-Based Management of Options Trading | Bowen, K. (2000) PC AI, 14(1), 16 |
| Prolog Predicts Chemical Properties: No Laboratory Required | Bowen, K. (2000) PC AI, 14(4), 21 |
Book References
Reference material for Prolog would include Burnham and
Hall's (1986) book -- a short, highly readable introduction. Marcus's (1986)
book is also highly readable, but a bit more technical. Sterling and Shapiro
(1986) present a much more technical treatment, along with advanced techniques
and applications. Coelho and Cotta (1988) show a number of Prolog programs
which can be adapted to a variety of situations. Bratko (1990) presents
Prolog in the context of AI applications. Analogous to the previously mentioned
LISP-based AI texts, Rowe (1989) introduces AI via Prolog. Gazdar and Mellish
(1989b) and Pereira and Sheiber (1987) show Prolog's applicability to natural
language processing. (Reference: LANGUAGES OF AI by Joseph Schmuller, September/October
1991, page 23)
